How Resilience and Capabilities of UAE on Information and Media Have Enabled the Country to Stand Powerful and Respectable in the World Community and to Deter Any Aggression from The Enemy?
Abstract
Countries are getting new ways through which they can ensure their national power and national security. There are different elements of national security and national power. This research has set the purpose to study the information and media element of national power so that its impact on national power and national security of UAE can be explored and explained. For this purpose, the reliance and capabilities of UAE information sources and media have been explored and discussed. Review based methodology has been adopted in which qualitative research methods have been employed. A literature review has reviewed different themes around national power and national security. These themes have been discussed and analyzed to draw findings from the literature review. Findings have revealed that UAE has successfully invested in its media and information, and the result; it has developed to earn respect and power in the world community. The soft power strategy of the UAE has also been discussed, and it has been noted that the country has been able to yield strong points through developing and nurturing its soft image. These findings have confirmed that UAE’s media and information as an element of national power is resilient and capable of presenting the UAE as a modern and strong country. As a result, the country can deter any aggression from any of its enemies.
Keywords: UAE, National power, National Security, World Community, Aggression, Resilience, Capabilities, Media, Middle East.
Chapter 1-Introdction
1.1 Background
UAE is one of the smallest countries in the world in terms of geography and population. However, it is one of the largest countries in terms of natural resources. It has been earning money from exports of oil, and it has made it an affluent country. However, the vision of this country has been different from other countries of the Middle East who are also rich because of the wealth of oil reserves. The country has historically planned to capitalize on its oil resources and used financial aid for presenting its soft face. However, financial support has its limits because there is always scarcity of resources. However, in modern times, perception and image should be positive in the world community. In this context, the national power of the UAE is worth to be examined from one of its elements. Moreover, it is also to be examined whether national security of the UAE is in safe hands while it is a small country (Ibish, 2017). Therefore, the element of national power chosen for this paper is based on media and information. In this era of media and information, this element may have plenty of opportunities for the country to be safe and powerful. This research has examined the media and information elements of the national power of the UAE, and it is revealed that the country has been effectively pursuing its media and information strategy.
National power and national security are very important for a country because the world has become integrated, but it is also more dangerous in the modern world. Countries are in continuous danger of terrorist attacks and conflicts with other countries. UAE is located in the Middle East, which has some international conflicts. In this context, the country has to be aware of these threats. The emergence of ISIS after Al-Qaeda is also observed here in this region while the country is already a small county. In this context, the UAE is always in need of power and security. It may not outsource power and security, but it has to develop these strategic assets nationally. Media and information are such elements of national power, which may be cultivated, and the country has ensured these assets to be present in it (Koch, 2016). There are resources of national power and national security in the country which have been developed by the country itself. UAE has invited corporations and their CEOs to work and do business. It has invested and developed in media infrastructure. These are the attributes which have given strengths to UAE, but these capabilities and resilience of media and information have to be explored. This research has explored this element of national power.
1.2 Objectives of the Study:
Following are the main objectives of this research:
- To explore resilience and capabilities of UAE information and media
- To explore the respect and power of the UAE in the world community
- To explore the national power of the UAE through resilience and capabilities of media and information
- To explore national security of the UAE through resilience and capabilities of media and information
Chapter 2-Literature Review
National power and national security go side by side because more national security means more national power. In the context of the UAE, the country has ensured to rely on soft power to gain national power and protection through national security. Media and the use of information come under the concept of soft power. The use of financial support and employing the power of information sharing and presentation over media give strength to a country. As a result, the country becomes strong and solid in the world community. Power and respect are outcomes of such a policy where a country remains safe proactively from possible aggression or retaliation from enemies. It is proven fact that soft power strategies are beneficial for the security of small and vulnerable countries. In the result, relations with neighboring countries are made friendly, and potential rivals and threats from them can be minimized (Eveloy & Gebreegziabher, 2019).
Media and information have strengths to do a great job. The resilience and capabilities of a country in these fields may be judged by taking the perspective of its preparation in these fields. The power and respect in the world community through media and information help a country to deter any aggression from the enemy. Media and information express and highlight the soft face of a country. Similarly, the UAE has taken steps to use information and media for its position in the world community. It has taken constructive steps to make Dubai an international hub for media (Ahmad, Ahmad, & Abu Bakar, 2018).
Aljazeera is owned and operated by Qatar, which is also a neighboring country of UAE in the Gulf. Aljazeera represents Qatar in its attempts to use media for building the soft face of the country. It increases the country’s influence in the international community, and national power is expressed through these institutions at the international level. On the other hand, Saudi Arabia has MBC, and these steps ensure countries’ national power and international influence. Moreover, countries also ensure their national security through these measures. In this context, the UAE’s steps in the areas of media and information are worth mentioning (Ulrichse, 2017).
There are many conglomerates on the land of the UAE, and they are working in the country under the law of UAE. It is seen as commercial success of UAE, and people express benefits for the country in terms of economics, but it is also seen through the lens of national power and security. It is a means for the UAE to be an influential global power in the future. It has been identified by scholars that the presence of clusters of media in UAE highlights the soft face of the country, and it is a symbol of soft power. Media centers and companies present in UAE are from different countries, and they help to present the country in terms of a successful power at the global level. It is also observed that media city has been facing some challenges to provide facilities of international standard, but it is true that Dubai in UAE has become one of the capital cities for media and spread of information at the international level (Subeh, 2017).
Among other attributes, the country has reasons to be an attractive media city for the international community. There is a mixed culture in the country, presence of attractive locations, the stability of the system and guarantee of security, communication infrastructure, and its various applications, soft regulations, and tax incentives make UAE as an attractive place for media centers through which the country may yield power. These attributes are expressions of the national power of the country and guarantee national security as well. The strength of UAE in information and media is unique as compared to other countries. UAE does not emphasize its brand in the media industry, but it emphasizes making an environment and attracting media outlets in the country. Conglomerates and corporations transfer their headquarters and media centers in the country, and as a result, the country develops its strengths. These strengths are the result of the interdependence of UAE and large conglomerates in the country while they ensure the national power of UAE and national security of the UAE (Al-Jenaibi, 2014).
There are five media cities in UAE, and four of them are Dubai Studio City, the Creative city of Al Fujairah, Abu Dhabi Twofour54, and Ras Al Khaimah Media city. These media clusters in UAE ensure national power and national security of the country, and the review of this strategy is going to be presented through the following four approaches (Jenaibi, 2012).
2.1 One Media Regulatory Body in UAE
UAE has taken steps for regulating media, and there is a sold media regulatory body in the country, i.e., the National Media Council. NMC reports directly to the cabinet, and it is under the ministry of government. The council ensures that the media observe some principles while airing material and content to the masses. However, the important part of NMC’s functioning is that it has increased the level of engagement with other media organizations. It has been observed that there are already many media centers and organizations working in the UAE. The council has established the Advisory and Coordination Boards which ensure engagement with media from the council. All media clusters remain engaged with the council through these boards, and as a result, one unified and solid approach is developed at the national level, which represents the national power of the country. Moreover, following regulations at the national level and other media organizations work towards national security because there should be one orientation of media in a country (Ayish, 2013).
2.2 Emirati Communication and International Consideration:
To use media and information, there should be international consideration of it so that it may represent international issues happening around the world. It is because of media clusters and proximity that issues are covered by international importance and significance. Like the presence of clusters in London and New York, UAE has also developed such clusters allowing reporters to cover wide-ranging topics. These clusters allow connections with government officials and corporate leaders and their comments on political and commercials issues may be taken immediately after any event. These clusters have made Emirati communication so powerful and relevant to international issues and media that there is international viewership of media. UAE has made it possible to engage with media partners and organizations so that they can spread their content from UAE. Such engagement and interdependence have enabled the UAE to ensure its national power. Moreover, it also guarantees national security of the country in the international community as well (Hill, 2011).
2.3 Metropolitan Visibility:
UAE has established visibility, which is metropolitan where many organizations and business entities have been interacting and doing business. There are headquarters of many corporations, and they have international influence. Media clusters in UAE and reporters there remain in contact with these corporate leaders and corporations because it is possible due to their presence. Reporters and media clusters are part of a country’s infrastructure, and they cover local issues of international importance. In this way, there is metropolitan visibility of the country, and media strengthens the infrastructure of the country, attracting more businesses and corporations. A screen industry cluster is one of them which attract celebrities and international names in the industry to the country, and cultural production and consumption happen. It increases the international influence of the country because it is an expression of national power. Moreover, the confidence of corporations and engagement of media with them along with celebrities helps ensure national security (Eljayash, Kavanagh, & Kong, 2013).
2.4 National Branding as a tool for National Power and National Security:
Usually, information and media are considered as soft tools of national power and national security. Ying Fan and others have also used the word soft power when they consider national branding through media and information. Branding is possible through media involvement because the message is communicated and delivered over the media, and as a result, perception and image of the country are established. National branding is similar in ways used for highlighting positive attributes of a product in branding. However, in the case of national branding, the campaign has to rely on soft power attributes of a nation (Grant, Golawala, & McKechnie, 2007). There are two different cases of national branding, which is destination branding or marketing, and the second is related to the political and diplomatic dimensions of a country. Countries attract tourism within through place branding and destination marketing efforts. An example in this regard is of New Zeeland. So far as diplomatic and political dimension is concerned, there is the US State Department, which is always active and prepared to turn around negative sentiments against the United States across the world (Zeineddine, 2017).
In recent history, the UAE has felt the importance of national branding to strengthen its national power and security. In one of the events, DP World acquired British P&O, and their business was to manage American ports. However, negative perceptions and sentiments of the American public about this Middle Eastern takeover followed relinquishing the rights to manage ports by Dubai government. In the second event, Dubai Emirates had to face media criticism of Britain after the 2009 financial crisis. These events also motivated UAE to concentrate on its brand management and doing so helped the country to ensure national power and national security (Westwood, 2011).
It is believed that there are three ways to brand a nation, and these components are related to politics, economy, and culture. UAE has been working on all three dimensions. If its focus on information and media is taken exclusively, then it reveals that the country has achieved targets. Establishment of media clusters and attracting foreign media and business companies have given strength to the country (Guaaybess, 2019). Moreover, its national power has increased where it can influence international perceptions and views regarding it through its soft power strategy. Moreover, it has not created enemies, and its friendly policy at international level has made it safe and secure from any aggression of its enemies. The presence of media and clusters in the UAE helps the country to manage and share information with the world. This is how the country has reinforced its national power, and these steps have ensured the national security of the country as well (Saberi, Paris, & Marochi, 2018).
2.5 Dubai Internet City:
The UAE government has taken steps for enriching and strengthening the infrastructure of information, which is the lifeline of any modern society in the modern world. The government has taken steps in this regard, and Dubai Internet City is a step towards it. It is an information technology park which provides companies to do business in Dubai. There are many facilities provided to these companies and many information technology firms have located in Dubai Internet City. It has revolutionized the infrastructure of the UAE, where information and information technology have attained their roots. The attraction of global leading information technology companies to UAE is an expression of the national power of the UAE. It is also the trust of these companies on the national security guaranteed by the UAE (Horovitz & Ohlsson, 2005).
2.6 UAE Intelligence Services:
The national security of any country is linked with modern intelligence services. This area of any state is linked with information and information management. In the recent decade, the Middle East has seen some widespread protests and public unrest which have toppled some governments in the region. UAE is one of the powerful countries which have invested in its strategic orientation. Its initiatives towards attracting investment call for ensuring national security, for which intelligence services are crucial. In this context, the UAE has maintained its national security by expressing national power by modernizing intelligence services. It is worth mentioning that intelligence services can only be successful by effective management of information (Pivariu, 2018).
Detailed recommendations have been given at the end of this research. However, it is worth noting here that information and media efforts should be shared by UAE. The soft power should be extended by the country so that there is more integration of efforts in the region. The national power of UAE should be based on this soft power, and it should use it to resolve issues in the Middle East. The expression of national power should be there by the active role of the UAE in the region.
It is also important for UAE that it has to boot its efforts to reform its society. There is the trust of the world and businesses in the UAE, and it should be protected and preserved. Sharing and collaboration of efforts and information at the regional level are very important for the long-term prosperity of the UAE because regional conflicts and issues may affect UAE in the long run. Security of UAE may only be increased if there is an increase in national security, and today’s global world, national security is linked with regional security.
Chapter 3-Methodology
Methodology for this paper is aligned with objectives and variables used in the study. The topic is important as it explains and explores steps of UAE for taking a respectable and powerful position in the world community. This respectable and powerful position of the country is there for deterring any aggression from enemies. In this context, the country has to ensure its national power and national security. These factors and variables have been studied in this paper for the UAE. The nature of the study makes it clear that it is an exploratory study where these variables are going to be studied for UAE.
There are some keywords or variables used in this study, and they can be studied well and effectively through the exploratory approach. These keywords are resilience and capabilities, information and media, world community, aggression from enemies, the national power of UAE, and national security of UAE. These variables are like different perspectives and themes to study the position of UAE in the world community. They may be studied through statistical tests by employing quantitative techniques, but they should be open-ended. Therefore, a literature review has been conducted in this paper, and themes from that literature review have been used to review the position of UAE in terms of resilience and capabilities of its media and information sources.
Key themes which have been extracted from the literature review and used for this exploratory study are media clusters present in UAE, different cities in UAE which have media centers, attractive places and destinations of UAE for international corporations and conglomerates, regulations of UAE for media, Emirati communication, metropolitan visibility of the country and its cultural production and consumption, national branding, and in relation with these themes and variables, the national power and national security of UAE have been reflected.
Discussion and findings have been based on these themes taken from the review of the literature. In this context, the study is qualitative, and review based. All works and studies used in this paper have been properly cited and referenced so that ethical considerations in research can meet (Silverman, 2016). Moreover, an objective view of UAE information and media has been taken and presented in this research where findings reflect the real situation on the ground. Following section has discussed these themes and variables used in the literature review and findings have been taken which can highlight how UAE has been able to ensure its national power and national security originating from media and information sources.
Chapter 4-Discussion and Findings
4.1 Discussion
This section has been divided into two sections where first, discussion of key themes extracted from the review of the literature would be made and then, in the second section findings would be drawn from these key themes. It has been noted above that key themes extracted from the literature review are resilience and capabilities, information and media, world community, aggression from enemies, the national power of UAE, and national security of UAE. These variables are like different perspectives and themes to study the position of UAE in the world community.
First, it is important to reflect on the context of this research paper which has been focusing on UAE. Any country cannot compromise on its national security and national power because a sustainable future can only be guaranteed by these broad factors. Businesses and people are attracted towards a country and undertake activities, which in turn benefit the country. However, any country can only be attractive to the world if it has a strong competitive edge over other countries. Resilience and capabilities of the country’s assets and resources make the country stand firm, respectable, and powerful in the world community. There are many resources and assets of any country and media, and sources of information are also important and strategically required resources of any country. If information is managed effectively, and there are strong media, then a country may remain strong and powerful in the world community. This resilience and capabilities turn into national power of a country by offering means of national security. In this context, media and information of the UAE have been researched (Guaaybess, 2019).
For a small country in terms of geography and population like UAE, being smart may help a lot. UAE had taken this smartness in its approach when it strengthened its national power by relying on its soft power through media and information. These are a tool of soft power for a country where aggression from any country can be dealt with with soft power strategies. Resilience and capabilities make a theme in the literature review, and it has been noted that any sector of a country may show resilience and capabilities if it takes a strategic position in the success and performance of a country. In the case of UAE, the country has invested in its media and information sector, and as a result, capabilities and resilience of this sector have increased. Other themes would reflect on these capabilities of media and information of UAE (Eljayash, Kavanagh, & Kong, 2013).
There are media clusters in UAE in five cities, and they offer a strong and well-developed infrastructure through which it can spread its message to the world. There are two aspects of these clusters. First, the country has developed its media strategy and made it strong to bear any challenge. It has regulated media, and there is a connection of media with the government. It has increased the national power for the country because regulations make media companies, including private media, abide by media regulations of the UAE. Second, it has attracted media corporations and information producers and consumers in the UAE. The presence of media clusters and reporters discuss issues of national and international importance, and as a result, the national power of UAE expands. It also ensures national security as the interdependence of large conglomerates and corporations with UAE makes the country secure. Moreover, media regulatory council and advisory boards interact with each other to develop a link between private media and the UAE government. Due to these initiatives, capabilities, and resilience of UAE media get solid foundations (Hill, 2011).
Themes of metropolitan visibility are also linked with media and information where diversity can be observed in the corporate and business scene of the UAE. There is the presence of large corporations and their CEOs. Media and information sources enable these corporations and their CEOs to communicate their issues, and in this way, UAE takes an international perspective of issues. Its media and information sources have the abilities and capabilities to discuss issues of international importance. It gives an international image to the UAE, and it can expand its national power by fostering this international image. It adds to the branding of the UAE where political, economic, and cultural sources of the country’s image have been emphasized. However, the scope of this research is media and information which come under the cultural aspect of branding. Moreover, it is also in line with the soft power of a country. UAE has invested and worked to strengthen and make its soft power strong enough to bring national power to the country. Having an international image and posture of the country gives it a position under which national security is also ensured. Having media and information voices from within UAE give it a high position, and it enables the country to deter any aggression from enemies (Grant, Golawala, & McKechnie, 2007).
The most important theme in this research is the national power of the UAE, which has been ensured by a focus on media and information. National power can be expanded if the country can exert power on all organizations and entities working in its boundary. The country has regulatory bodies and advisory boards, which link the government and private entities. As a result, the country exerts power on all media outlets within the country. The country has established media clusters in five cities, and they provide well-established and state of the art infrastructure to international corporations and conglomerates, and as a result, the national power of UAE is expanded (Guaaybess, 2019).
A second most important theme in this research is national security, which can be ensured if there is not a big threat to the security of a country. UAE has invested in its infrastructure very much, and it has focused on the stability of the country as well. As a result, international companies have been established in the UAE. Moreover, the capabilities and resilience of UAE media enable the country to stand firm and solid in the world community with respect and power. As a result, enemies may not be able to show aggression against the UAE, and it has all the abilities to deter any such aggression (Zeineddine, 2017).
4.2 Findings:
The research has reached the following findings after discussing themes from the literature review. It is important to mention that these findings are related to resilience and capabilities of media and information of UAE. Secondly, these capabilities and resilience of media and information have been linked with national power and national security of the UAE in the world community. These findings have been reached through discussion on the literature review containing key themes.
It is found that the UAE took a historical step in history to invest in its media and information, among other soft power strategies. The country is small in terms of geography and population, but it has large reserves of oil. The country started to use financial aid as a means to present its soft image, but in recent years, the country’s focus has been to invest in the media. The country has invested in five cities to develop media cities and infrastructure in these cities. The presence of reporters and media has enabled the country to offer its image and views to the international community. It is found that this strategy has worked and corporations and media industry from different countries have started to locate to UAE. It is found that the country has developed resilience and capabilities of its media by offering its soft image. The use of media has not been done like Qatar’s Aljazeera, but UAE has taken a combined effort where corporations have been welcomed to the country (Ibish, 2017).
It is found through discussion that UAE has learned from bitter experiences in the past where it had to take steps back. For example, it had to face criticism from British media in 2009 after the financial crisis. It was not desired for any country, but in the case of UAE, it was not desired at all. It, therefore, felt the need to extend its soft power and make relations with the developed world. Now, UAE is home of many international corporations and information sharing and media arms have joined their hands to ensure a successful and bright future for UAE. The regulatory body and advisory council ensure that UAE offers services to private media owners. Thus, it is found that the UAE has been able to use media and information as a means for power and respect in the world community. However, the main findings of the research are related to national power and national security of the UAE (Subeh, 2017).
The national power of UAE is found to be associated with resilience and capabilities of its media and information where the country has established infrastructure for this sector. There are soft power strategies of the country which strengthen the country’s national power. It is found that production and consumption of information in UAE have helped it to spread the soft power, and there is international viewership of the content as well. In this context, there is a wider soft power of the country, and it has increased and assured the national power of the UAE. National power is the outcome of resilience and capabilities of information and media of UAE, and it is a prime finding of this research. If a country has ensured that there is more influence in the world community and it is respected and praised in the international community then, it is the expression of its national power (Subeh, 2017).
The national security of the UAE is also one of the outcomes and findings in this research where enhanced national power and respect and power of the UAE have enabled the country to ensure its security in the world community. Hard power, including weapons and armed forces, ensures the country to be secure in case of any aggression from enemies. If this objective is achieved from soft power, then it is also effective. In the case of the UAE, the country has worked towards its national security by investing in its media and information capabilities. The country has integrated well with the world community, and there is a well-integrated and interdependent approach between the country and the world community that UAE may easily deter any aggression from enemies. The national security of UAE has been there because of its place, and destination branding and media and information sharing, and sources have enhanced the national security of the UAE (Jenaibi, 2012).
Chapter 5-Conclusion and Recommendations:
5.1 Conclusion
The research paper concludes that UAE has strategically used media and information for having its position in the world community. The resilience and capabilities of media of UAE have been getting many benefits and advantages for the country and its place in the world community. Having respect and power in the world for a country, it should ensure its national power. National power is cultivated from the unique resources of a country, and these resources may be of different types. Natural resources and manufacturing capabilities are popular resources possessed by a country, and these resources ensure the national power of any country. However, it is not always possible to possess natural resources and manufacturing capabilities of any country. Moreover, natural resources have to be depleted as well. Therefore, a country has to develop unique and sustainable resources and resources of media and information are some of them which may be created by a country. UAE has used these resources of media and information to yield its national power. There are media clusters which offer media infrastructure for corporations and businesses to flourish their activities.
The issue of national security is also in line with national power because power is achieved to ensure the security of a country. Therefore, national security has also been ensured through media and information. The country has media infrastructure, and there are business centers in the country. As a result, there are high stakes of world businesses and corporations in the UAE. As a result, they have positive perceptions about the UAE, and they do not think negative or pessimistic about the country’s future. In this manner, the UAE has ensured national security capabilities through investment and focus on media and information. It is all about the soft power of the UAE, where it has achieved national power and national security through efforts in media and information areas. UAE does not have an agenda to confront with any country, and it is also not possible because of its small size. However, it has influenced the world community through its soft power based on media and information that it successfully deters any aggression from its enemies.
5.2 Recommendations
The research recommends that the UAE should progress its media and information element of national power and national security. Media and information are effective and important arms of national power and national security as it has been a successful strategy of UAE. However, it is recommended for UAE to establish media platforms and organizations which can help towards regional security and prosperity. It is recommended that the UAE should extend its soft power and resilience and capabilities in media and information to other countries in the region. The Middle East has always been in crisis and turmoil, and the UAE has to use its friendly policy to make other countries friends of each other. However, it is recommended that the UAE should not dictate other countries to do so, but it should make an environment and atmosphere in which they can understand and value the effectiveness of peace. Media and information sharing at the regional level may get a boost by capitalizing on the strengths of UAE. In this way, national power and national security of the UAE would further expand.
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